Sinusitis
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Symptoms
The first symptom of sinusitis is often a common runny nose - it signals inflammation in the sinuses. The alarm should be sounded if it lasts 7-10 days.
One of the clearest signs of acute sinusitis is pain in the bridge of the nose and under the eyes. It intensifies in the evening and when tilting the head. If the inflammation affects both sinuses, pain is felt on both sides of the nose. Sometimes it hurts your teeth or temples.
Other symptoms:
- Nasal congestion. Accompanied by a change in the nature of nasal discharge (it becomes thick and acquires a green tint). This symptom signals the transition of inflammation to a more serious stage. Without treatment, the patient's condition worsens and dangerous complications develop.
- Increased body temperature to 38 °C or higher. General health deteriorates, the sense of smell is noticeably reduced. During this period, due to severe weakness, it becomes difficult for the patient to concentrate on work and daily activities
Chronic sinusitis manifests itself less clearly. It is characterized by periods of exacerbation and remission.
Complications
An infection localized in the maxillary sinuses often spreads to neighboring ENT organs. This leads to the development of acute tonsillitis, pharyngitis or otitis media.
The most dangerous complications are associated with the upward spread of infection – to the eye socket and brain. In 90% of cases, meningitis (inflammation of the membranes of the brain) develops. This condition requires immediate hospitalization. Otherwise, it leads to death. In 78% of cases, encephalitis progresses (inflammation of the brain, accompanied by seizures and mental disorders).
Other complications:
- Sepsis, or blood poisoning. Develops rapidly, leads to coma and death
- Inflammation of the bone walls of the orbit of the eye. It leads to panophthalmitis (a condition in which all the membranes of the eye become inflamed - this threatens blindness)
- Osteomyelitis of the maxillary sinus. This is a purulent inflammation of the bone, which, if left untreated, leads to disability
Less dangerous consequences of sinusitis are conjunctivitis and exophthalmos. They do not pose a threat to life, but nevertheless negatively affect a person’s quality of life.
Diagnostics of sinusitis
At the initial stage, the otorhinolaryngologist interviews the patient and collects anamnesis. He then checks for swelling or swelling in the sinus area and evaluates the lymph nodes.
Next, the specialist refers the patient for laboratory diagnostics. It includes a general blood test. It helps determine the presence of an inflammatory process. A C-reactive protein (CRP) test is also performed. It is used to assess the severity of the disease.
After this, the patient is sent for instrumental diagnostics. It includes:
- Rhinoscopy. Examination of the inside of the nose using special instruments allows you to assess the condition of the mucous membrane
- Endoscopic examination. Using an endoscope, the doctor examines in detail the hard-to-reach areas of the nasal cavity
- X-ray examination of the sinuses. On x-rays, inflamed sinuses with purulent or inflammatory contents will appear darkened
- Sinus scanning. Ultrasound examination allows you to quickly assess the condition of the sinuses
- Computed tomography (CT). Used to obtain detailed images. This method allows the doctor to see the structure of the sinuses in three dimensions
Additionally, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or CT is performed to study bone structures.
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Causes of sinusitis
Mainly, sinusitis is caused by rhinoviruses, adenoviruses, as well as influenza and parainfluenza viruses. Fungal pathogens include Mucor (white mold), Rhizopus and Aspergillus. In addition, the following factors contribute to the development of sinusitis:
Seasonal changes (this is especially true for the autumn-winter period, when the body is especially vulnerable to infections) also contribute to the development of sinusitis.