Barrett's esophagus is a chronic organ disease. However, normal squamous epithelium the esophagus is replaced by a columnar one, characteristic of the stomach or small intestine.
This condition is also called esophageal metaplasia. Such a replacement is the body's response to the constant exposure of the mucous membrane of the esophagus to gastric juice containing acids and digestive enzymes.
Reason for development
The syndrome is mainly caused by gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The constant return of the acidic contents of the stomach into the esophagus causes damage to the mucous membrane. In an attempt to recover, it undergoes changes and passes into the columnar epithelium.
The following factors contribute to the development of pathology:
- Continuous presence of GERD.
- Male.
- The presence of a large amount of fat around the abdomen.
- Smoking.
- Genetic predisposition.
If a patient has GERD for more than 5 years, is over 50 years old, and has other chronic conditions, the risk of developing Barrett's esophagus is increased.
Symptoms
There are no specific symptoms in Barrett's esophagus. Instead, there are signs of gastroesophageal reflux disease, which is often a forerunner of a dangerous pathology. The main ones include:
- Heartburn, which is often worse after eating or lying down.
- Chest pain (these are very similar to heart discomfort).
- Discomfort or pain in the upper abdomen.
- Difficulty swallowing.
- Bad taste in the mouth, especially after eating.
- Frequent feeling of fullness in the stomach.
If these symptoms persist for many years, it indicates progression of Barrett's esophagus.
What is the danger of Barrett's esophagus
The main danger of pathology is an increased risk of developing esophageal cancer, in particular, adenocarcinoma. This is a virulent form of cancer that progresses rapidly and spreads to other organs.
The transition from Barrett's esophagus to cancer usually occurs gradually, through the stage of dysplasia - while the cells of the columnar epithelium become atypical and begin to multiply actively. That is why regular monitoring and diagnosis by specialists is so important for people with this disease.
Diagnostic features
The first step in the diagnosis is a detailed history taking, which helps to clarify the presence of risk factors for the development of Barrett's esophagus. Next, the specialist directs the patient to:
- Upper endoscopy. This is the key diagnostic method. During the procedure, the doctor inserts a thin, flexible tube with a camera and a light source at the end through the patient's mouth to view the internal structures of the esophagus. This allows you to visualize the state of the mucous membrane and determine the presence of possible pathological changes.
- A biopsy. A small tissue sample is taken for a more detailed analysis. This allows you to study the structure of cells under a microscope and make a more accurate diagnosis.
- Chromoendoscopy. This diagnostic method is characterized by the use of special dyes. They are used to improve visualization of abnormalities in the esophagus. Thus, the doctor is able to accurately determine the areas for biopsy and improve the detection of precancerous conditions.
In some cases, especially those at high risk of esophageal cancer, additional diagnostic tests, as well as computed tomography and positron emission tomography, are recommended. These procedures allow you to determine the degree of progression of the disease.
