Hemorrhoid Treatment
Hemorrhoids are pathological enlargement of hemorrhoids (internal hemorrhoids, external hemorrhoids, and combined hemorrhoids, which is enlargement of both external and internal hemorrhoids).
The word comes from the Greek haimorroia, meaning bleeding (haima, meaning blood, and rheo, meaning flow). There is also an obsolete name, pochechuy.
Hemorrhoids are vascular structures (incorrectly called veins) that form during the maturation of the body in the submucosal layer of the lowest (distal) section of the rectum, as well as in the anal canal under the skin of the perineum.
If blood stagnation develops, it gradually leads to enlargement of the nodes, inflammation, thrombosis, and damage to the hemorrhoidal vascular structures, accompanied by various symptoms, from discomfort and itching to pain in the perineum and rectal bleeding, leading to anemia.
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Types and forms of hemorrhoids
Hemorrhoids vary depending on the location of the pathological vascular formations and the clinical course. Depending on the location, one or more hemorrhoids become inflamed, which directly affects symptoms, pain severity, and treatment options.
Understanding the disease's form allows for accurate determination of the stage and selection of the most effective treatment, reducing the risk of complications and recurrence.
- Internal hemorrhoids are located inside the rectum, above the anal canal. In the early stages, they present with minimal discomfort, a feeling of pressure, and occasional bleeding without significant pain
- External hemorrhoids are hemorrhoids that form externally, in the anal area. They are characterized by pain, itching, swelling, a foreign body sensation, and possible thrombosis
- Combined hemorrhoids are a combination of internal and external hemorrhoids and are characterized by a more severe course and more pronounced symptoms
Stages of hemorrhoids
The disease develops sequentially, and each stage directly impacts the severity of symptoms and the choice of treatment strategy. Initially, hemorrhoids may cause little or no discomfort, but without treatment, the condition gradually worsens, and the node enlarges and shifts.
The earlier the stage of the disease is identified, the simpler and more gentle the treatment, and the lower the risk of complications.
- Stage I – hemorrhoids are internal and do not prolapse. Discomfort and occasional bleeding are possible, but pain is usually minimal or absent. Conservative treatment is effective at this stage
- Stage II – hemorrhoids prolapse under pressure but return to normal on their own. Symptoms intensify, with burning and intermittent pain. Minimally invasive techniques are often used
- Stage III – hemorrhoidal prolapse requires manual reduction, and pain becomes more severe. Conservative measures are supplemented by procedures or surgery
- Stage IV – persistent prolapse, the hemorrhoid cannot be returned to normal, severe pain, and a risk of complications. Surgery is indicated
General information
Hemorrhoid Treatment
Today, a wide variety of hemorrhoid treatment methods are available. Depending on the severity of the pathological changes, either conservative therapy or surgical removal is used. After an examination, your doctor will discuss possible treatment options with you.
Surgical treatment of external hemorrhoids is performed only in the presence of acute or recurrent thrombosis, as well as when patients desire a cosmetic effect.
Much more often, the patient and doctor focus on the treatment of internal hemorrhoids. In most cases, we strive to use modern minimally invasive hemorrhoid treatment methods—methods that are associated with minimal pain during and after the procedure and do not require hospitalization. However, such treatment methods are only possible if the patient seeks help at the initial stage of hemorrhoids, either in the first or second stage. In advanced cases, when the effect of minimally invasive interventions is questionable, we offer surgical treatment.
Prevention and rehabilitation
After any hemorrhoid surgery, to prevent recurrence of symptoms and ensure full recovery, we recommend:
- Conscientiously following your doctor's recommendations in the early and late postoperative periods
- Proper nutrition with sufficient fiber and fluids
- An active lifestyle without excessive exercise or prolonged sitting
- Timely treatment of constipation and intestinal infections
- Regular preventive examinations with a specialist
It's important to understand that rehabilitation doesn't end with discharge: follow-up visits with your doctor allow you to promptly adjust your lifestyle and prevent complications. This approach to prevention not only helps prevent relapse but also consistently improves your overall well-being.
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The main manifestations of hemorrhoids
The most characteristic symptoms of the early stages of the disease are anal discomfort and itching. At this stage, most patients still cannot overcome the feeling of embarrassment and, unfortunately, do not seek medical attention.
The most common reason for seeking medical attention is the discharge of blood from the anus during or immediately after bowel movements, or less commonly, between bowel movements. Sometimes, the discharge of blood can lead to the development of anemia (a decrease in the amount of hemoglobin, a protein that carries oxygen, in the blood). Another common reason for seeking medical attention is persistent, dull pain in the anus. Mucus discharge from the anal canal may occur with hemorrhoids. However, this symptom can also occur with other pathological conditions of the colon.
As the disease progresses, the nodes become larger and begin to prolapse from the rectum. They can also prolapse during physical activity and even with intense coughing and sneezing. In this condition, there is a high risk of injury to hemorrhoids, leading to bleeding and cracks in the rectal mucosa.